ຜັກທຽມ, ຜັກທຽມຈີນ, ຜັກທຽມຜື, ຜັກທຽມດໍ ( Cultivated Garlic)

Allium arenarium Sadler
Allium arenarium Sadler ex Rchb.
Allium controversum Schrad.
Allium controversum Schrad. ex Willd.
Allium longicuspis Regel
Allium ophioscorodon Link
Allium pekinense Prokh.
Allium sativum f. asiae-mediae Kazakova
Allium sativum f. pekinense (Prokh.) Makino
Allium sativum f. sagittatum Kazakova
Allium sativum f. vulgare Kazakova
Allium sativum subsp. asiae-mediae Kazakova
Allium sativum subsp. controversum (Schrad. ex Willd.) K.Richt.
Allium sativum subsp. ophioscorodon (Link) Döll
Allium sativum subsp. ophioscorodon (Link) Schübl. & G.Martens
Allium sativum subsp. pekinense (Prokh.) F.Maek.
Allium sativum subsp. sagittatum
Allium sativum subsp. sativum L., 1753
Allium sativum subsp. subrotundum (Gren. & Godr.) K.Richt.
Allium sativum subsp. vulgare
Allium sativum var. controversum (Schrad. ex Willd.) Nyman
Allium sativum var. controversum (Schrad. ex Willd.) Regel
Allium sativum var. ophioscorodon (Link) Döll
Allium sativum var. pekinense (Prokh.) F.Maek. ,
Allium sativum var. subrotundum Gren. & Godr.
Allium sativum var. vulgare Döll
Allium scorodoprasum subsp. viviparum (Regel) K.Richt.
Allium scorodoprasum var. multibulbillosum Y.N.Lee
Allium scorodoprasum var. viviparum Regel

Amaryllidaceae

ຜັກແປ້ນ / Garlic Chives
ຫົວຜັກບົ່ວໃຫ່ຍ / Bulb Onion

The garlic bulb is ovoid and contains 6 to 10 white bulblets. The scapes are approximately 1 inch tall and exhibit a curved shape, while the spathe is long-beaked. The leaves are linear and flattened. The umbels feature both bulbils and flowers. The tepals are white, lanceolate, and acuminate. The filaments are shorter than the tepals, with the inner filaments possessing two distinct cusps. [4]
Allium sativum L. is an annual, bulbous herb that grows to a height of 20-70 cm, with both erect and prostrate forms.
Stem: The stem has a short, pseudo-stem that forms a basal tray from which adventitious roots emerge. This pseudo-stem is composed of overlapping leaf sheaths.
Root: The root system of garlic is of the adventitious type, characterized by a relatively thick and minimally branched structure. It includes an epidermis, a multicellular cortex, and an endoderm that encases the central stele. Root development in garlic is sensitive to soil moisture and temperature, and the inadequate development of its root system significantly limits its ability to absorb nutrients.
Leaves: The leaves are linear and arranged alternately, each with a tubular sheath. The number of leaves in the species typically ranges from 9 to 12, with individual leaves measuring up to 40 cm in length and 2 cm in width. The limbs are broad and streamlined, and all the leaves originate from the bulb.
Bulb: The bulb displays a remarkable diversity of shapes and colors, ranging from white, brown, light brown, violet, light violet, to dark violet. Its shapes may be rounded, elliptical, circular, transverse wide elliptical, or transverse narrow elliptical. Each bulb consists of several cloves or pods, which serve as the reproductive organs of garlic. Each clove is encased in a protective tunic, often colored, and contains a single fleshy leaf sheath along with a small bud. The number of cloves per bulb varies significantly by variety; some contain 4 to 6 cloves, while others can have as many as 10 or even 14 cloves
Inflorescences: The inflorescences of garlic are umbels composed of perfect flowers, each featuring 6 petals, 6 anthers, and 3 locules, with 2 ovules in each. These umbels can vary in size, containing a varying number of sterile flowers and bulbils. However, the ability to produce inflorescences is not present in all varieties; this trait is most commonly observed in Central Asian and Spanish varieties. [5]

Native to South Asia, Central Asia and northeastern Iran. Source: [6]

Northern Mekong Corridor
Annamite Highlands and Xieng Khuang Plateau
Vientiane Plain
Southern Mekong Corridor
Boloven Plateau

Home gardens
Other farmland
Rice paddy

Native

Not invasive

Not applicable

None

Food
Medicine
Drink
Culture and religion

Food and drink: Every part of the garlic plant is edible and is widely used across the globe as a seasoning. The strongly aromatic bulb is the most popular component, used fresh or in the form of dried powder or oil. Crushing or grinding fresh garlic cloves enhances their flavour and aroma. Additionally, garlic flower stalks and leaves are occasionally incorporated into cooking, while immature, green garlic bulbs feature in certain Southeast Asian and Chinese dishes. [7] Medicine: Garlic has been used since ancient times for its medicinal properties. Its bulbs are found in many traditional medicines. In India, a juice or paste prepared from garlic bulbs has traditionally been used to relieve coughs, fevers, and earaches, as well as improve skin conditions. In Ayurvedic and Siddha medicine, garlic juice has been used to alleviate sinus problems. Extracts from dried garlic bulbs have been used in Unani medicine to regulate menstruation and treat digestive problems and fevers. Hot water extracts from garlic bulbs mixed with honey were a folk remedy for whooping cough and intestinal worms.[7] Garlic is renowned for alleviating various health problems due to its high content of organosulfur compounds and antioxidant activity. The plant contains numerous components that possess immunomodulating properties. When garlic is crushed or chopped, it releases an enzyme called alliins, which catalyzes the formation of allicin. Different garlic preparations, such as aged garlic extract and garlic oil, are effective against health risks and are commonly used as dietary supplements. These components can scavenge free radicals, protect cellular mem-branes from damage, and maintain cell integrity. Garlic also offers cardiovascular protection by lowering cholesterol levels and blood pressure, exhibiting antiplatelet activities, and reducing thromboxane formation, thereby helping to prevent atherosclerosis and related disorders. Additionally, garlic possesses antimutagenic and antiproliferative properties, making it of interest for chemo preventive interventions. Organosulfur compounds from garlic have been shown to effectively inhibit the growth of both transplanted and spontaneous cancers in preclinical animal models without any adverse side effects. [8] Cultural: Garlic plays a symbolic role in Nowruz, Persian New Year. Nowruz is a celebration of the arrival of spring and marks the first day of the Iranian calendar. One tradition performed on this day involves decorating a Haft-sin table with seven items beginning with the letter ‘s’ in Farsi, each representing a hope for the new year. Garlic (seer, in Farsi) is one of them, to represent medicine and good health. [7]

Domesticated

October
November
December

Overview:
Garlic primarily reproduces vegetative through the cloves of bulbs. Its growth and development are significantly influenced by environmental conditions, particularly temperature and photoperiod. Clove dormancy is broken by exposure to temperatures of 6 to 7 °C, although tropical cultivars do not require this. Germination is epigerminated, with emergence occurring one to two weeks after sowing. The optimal temperature for vegetative growth is between 18 and 20 °C, with differentiation from vegetative to reproductive states happening after 6 to 7 leaves form. Good bulb development requires temperatures of 25°C to 30°C and a photoperiod of 14 to 16 hours. Bulb formation occurs in two phases: the differentiation of axillary buds into cloves at around 7°C, followed by clove bulging at 20 to 25°C. Maturity is indicated by the drying of the first leaves, with the complete growth cycle lasting from 4 months in tropical regions to 9 months in northern Mediterranean climates. [5]

Variety selection:
Garlic production necessitates the breeding of this crop and its adaptation to various climatic conditions. Commercial garlic varieties are propagated vegetatively due to their complete sterility, with new varieties selected solely from existing living col-lections or through natural and induced mutations. Over the past few decades, garlic fertility has been restored, leading to significant advancements in research and breeding. Currently, garlic breeding is focused on three main approaches: 1) conventional vegetative selection from diverse germplasm collections; 2) breeding and selection from sexually-reproduced populations; and 3) the application of biotechnological tools. Although novel methods such as genome editing and marker-assisted breeding are not yet available for garlic, fertility restoration, hybridization, and seed production remain critical goals for future breeding efforts. [9]

N/A

N/A

Nutrient	/100g	Remark
Proteins	6.36	N/A
Carbohydrates	33.06	N/A
Fats	0.5	N/A
Vitamins	N/A	Vitamin B1 (0.2 mg), Vitamin B2 (0.11 g), Vitamin B3 (0.7 g), Vitamin B5 (0.596), Vitamin B6 (1.235 mg), Vitamin B9 (3 μg) and Vitamin C (31.2 mg).
Minerals	N/A	N/A
Fibers	N/A	N/A

Garlic bulb. [1] Planet [Online]. Upload on 16 September 2020 by P. T. Schmitz. Avail-able: https://identify.plantnet.org/k-world-flora/observations/1018280254. [Accessed: 15 October 2024]
Leaves and stems. [2] iNaturalist [Online]. Uploaded on 06 September 2022 by N. T. Y. Besh-ko. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/133856865. [Ac-cessed: 15 October 2024]
Inflorescences. [3] iNaturalist [Online]. Uploaded on 26 may 2022 by B. L. Felfoul. Avail-able: https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3949904869. [accessed: 15 Octo-ber 2024]

[4] World Flora Online, “Allium sativum L.,” [Online]. Available: https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000757248. [Acessed: 16 October 2024]
[5] T. Th. K. S. Agbo so, R. B. Abdou Sani, A. D. Karim Toudou and Y. C. B. Bakasaso, “Garlic (Allium sativum L.): Overview on its Biologyand Ge-netic Markers Available for the Analysis of Its Diversity in West Africa,” Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article no. AJBGMB.66220, ISSN: 2582-3698, 2012. Available: http://research.manuscritpub.com/id/eprint/1785/1/131-Article%20Text-232-1-10-20220923.pdf.
[6] Global biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), “Allium sativum L.” [Online]. Available: https://www.gbif.org/species/2856681. [Accessed: 16 October 2024]
[7] Royal Botanic Gardens Kew [Online]. Available: https://www.kew.org/plants/garlic. [Accessed: 15 October 2024]
[8] R. V. K. Upadhyay, “Garlic: A potential source of pharmaceuticals and pesticides: A review,” nternational Journal of Green Pharmacy, March 2016. [E- Book]. Available: https://shorturl.at/8MlNw
[9] R. K. M. Goldstein and E. Shemesh-Mayer, “Strategies for garlic (Alli-um sativum L.) breeding: challenges and achievements,” International Society for Horticultural Science, 2024. Available: https://www.ishs.org/ishs-article/1398_8. [Accessed: 16 October 2024]
Salunkhe, D.K.; Kadam, S.S., eds. 1998. Handbook of Vegetable Science and Technology: Production, Compostion, Storage, and Processing. Marcel Dekker. p. 397.