ຖົ່ວຂຽວໄທ: ຖົ່ວຂຽວ, ຖົ່ວຈີມ ( celera-bean, green-gram, mungo-bean, Green Gam and Jerusalem Pea)

Vigna radiata var. dublobata (Roxb.) Verdc. [Spelling variant]
Vigna radiata var. glabra (Roxb.) Verdc.
Vigna radiata var. grandiflora (Prain) Niyomdham
Vigna radiata var. radiata
Vigna radiata var. setulosa (Dalzell) Ohwi & Ohashi
Vigna radiata var. sublobata (Roxb.) Verdc.

Fabaceae

ໝາກຖົ່ວຝັກຍາວ / Yardlong bean
ຖົ່ວແຂກ/ Common bean
ຖົ່ວດຳ/ Black gram

The mung bean is an annual herbaceous plant, meaning that it lives for only one year and has non-woody stems. It grows upright, like a small shrub, and can reach a height of 30 to 120 centimeters. The stem splits into branches at the base and middle. In some variety, the stem creeps or semi-creeps along the ground. The stem above the leaves is square-shaped and covered with soft, woolly hair.
The first pair of mung bean's foliage leaves is simple and arranged oppositely on the stem. The next leaves are compound, with three leaflets arranged alternately on the petiole. The leaflets are elliptic to obovate in shape and can be 5 to 18 centimeters long and 4 to 15 centimeters wide. They are hairy and have short petioles. The middle leaflet has two stipules, and the lateral leaflets each have one stipule on the side.
Each raceme may have 20 cm length and contains 2 to 25 flowers. The flowers have five petals, which can be yellow, white, or purple, depending on the species. The petals include one large petal, two side petals, and two pollen petals. The flowers are about 1 to 2 centimeters in diameter, the pistil of the mung bean flower has an ovary with one chamber containing 10 to 15 ovules, the stamen has 10 stamens.
The fruit is a round, long pod that can be up to 15 centimeters long. The tip of the pod is slightly bent. When the pods mature, they change from green to grey, light brown, dark brown, or black, depending on the variety. There are 10 to 15 seeds per pod, and the seeds can be green, yellow, brown, black, or red. The seeds have smooth, shiny skin.

Assam, Bangladesh, India, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Myanmar, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Pakistan, Queensland, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Western Australia, Angola, Benin, Burkina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Chad, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Christmas I., Comoros, Congo, East Himalaya, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Great Britain, Guinea, Hainan, Honduras, Inner Mongolia, Iraq, Jawa, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kirgizstan, Korea, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaya, Mali, Manchuria, Marianas, Mozambique, Nepal, New Guinea, Niger, Nigeria, North Caucasus, Oman, Peru, Philippines, Qinghai, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South European Russi, Sudan, Tadzhikistan, Tanzania, Tibet, Togo, Tonga, Transcaucasus, Trinidad-Tobago, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Xinjiang, Yemen, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe

North Laos Highlands
Northern Mekong Corridor
Annamite Highlands and Xieng Khuang Plateau
Vientiane Plain
Northern Annamites
Central Annamites
Lower Annamites
Southern Annamites
Southern Mekong Corridor
Boloven Plateau

Plantation forest
Mixed deciduous forest
Dry dipterocarp forest
Coniferous forest
Mixed coniferous and broadleaved forest
Young bush fallow
Rice paddy
Other farmland
Home gardens

Native

Not invasive

Not applicable

None

Food
Drink
Medicine
Cosmetics and perfumes
Farming activities

Food: Mung bean seeds are popular and can be used to prepare both savory and sweet dishes, such as spicy mung bean salad, boiled beans, sweet mung beans, and cookies or boiled with salt to enjoy the seeds from nearly mature mung bean pods. Mung bean seeds are versatile and can be transformed in many ways. They can be grown as bean sprouts, made into green bean flour and noodles. [8] Drinks: Mung beans seed can be made into drinks like green bean milk. [8] Medicine: The mung bean and its extracts have shown excellent health benefits, such as hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects and antihypertensive, anticancer, anti-melanogenesis, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory activities [9]. Mung beans are rich in carotenoid which helps to prevent vision deterioration and decrease eye function. [10] Cosmetic: Mung bean is use in the cosmetic industry [11]. as additives in antiaging powders and face masks, because the sprouts are safe. [12] Faming: The picked pods of mung bean plants can be used as animal feed that has higher nutritional value than grass. Mung beans are incredibly versatile. The seeds are used as food for animals. The remaining trunk and bark can be ploughed into the ground to nourish the soil. [8]

Domesticated

July
August
September
October
November
December

Overview:
Soil: Green beans can grow in almost any type of soil, but the best soil for them is peaty soil that drains well, is highly fertile, can retain nutrients, and has a pH between 6.5 and 7.5. Mung beans do not like acidic or strongly alkaline soil conditions.
Temperature: Green beans can grow in high temperatures, but if the temperature drops below 20 degrees Celsius, their growth will slow down. If the temperature drops below 10 degrees Celsius, they will stop growing and the terminal bud will die.
Source: [14], [15]

Variety selection:
The seeds must come from a reputable source or be approved by the Department of Agriculture. They must be complete, free from damage by diseases and insects, and have a germination rate of 80%. [15]

Land preparation:
Preparing the land for planting green beans is like preparing land for other crops. First, remove all weeds and straw. Then, plant the seeds. If possible, plow the land before planting. [7] [14], [15]

Planting techniques:
Before planting, mix green bean seeds with rhizobium, a type of bacteria that helps beans fix nitrogen from the air. This makes the soil more fertile and increases yield [14], [15].
There are 2 methods: Sowing this method is suitable for areas with plowed soil. Sow the bean seeds evenly throughout the area, then lightly rake the soil to cover them and retain moisture. This will help the seeds germinate well. Sowing is not very popular because the seeds are scattered and difficult to maintain and planting in rows: Use a stick to make a hole in the soil and drop 3-4 seeds per hole. The distance between the holes is about 20x40 centimeters if planted randomly, but if planted in rows, the distance between the rows is about 20x50 centimeters. [7] [14], [15]

Care and maintenance:
Replanting and thinning bean sprouts: After 7-10 days, if some beans have not sprouted or have sprouted unevenly, replant them. If you have more sprouts than you need, remove the smaller and incomplete plants, but be careful not to damage the remaining plants.
Fertilizer: In the local community, most green beans do not need to be fertilized.
Watering: Green beans have shallow roots, so they need a lot of water, especially during the dry season. Water your green bean plants once after planting, and then check the soil moisture to see if they need more water. You should typically water your green beans 3-4 times during the growing season.
Weeding: Remove weeds by hand or with a weed whacker if there are a lot of them in the planting area. However, do not remove weeds once the bean plant begins to flower and produce pods, as this can damage the plant
Source: [7], [14], [15]

Pest and disease control
Leaf beetle: To control leaf beetle, spray the plants with neem tree leaf extract diluted at a rate of 1:10. Reapply every 7 days. [7], [14]
Worms: Water the plants regularly to help reduce the number of young worms. [7], [13]
Night Moths: To protect seeds from moths, dry them thoroughly until they have a moisture content of about 12%. Then, mix vegetable oil extracted from pea seed and rice bran at a rate of 5 ml per 1 kg of seeds. This will protect the seeds for 5-7 months. You can also store the seeds in the traditional way by adding ashes to them [7].

Harvesting:
Green beans are not harvested all at once. When you notice that any bean pods are about 60-80% ripe, you can collect them. Dry the pods in the sun for 2-3 days, then break them open with a stick to release the seeds. If there are a lot of pods, you can use a small machine. [7]
Before storing the seeds, they should be dried to reduce moisture content, other-wise the mung beans can easily be damaged by mold and black mold. [7]

Sustainability:
Since mung beans are a legume that can fix nitrogen (N) by itself, making the soil rich and moist. [16]

Fresh green beans are sold on markets throughout Laos. Processed and dried mung bean products are sold in large quantities both domestically and abroad. [7]

Important source of proteins
Important source of carbohydrates

Raw mung beans are a beneficial source of protein and carbohydrates. [13]

Nutrient	/100g	Remark
Proteins	23.2	N/A
Carbohydrates	34.7	N/A
Fats	1.9	N/A
Vitamins	N/A	Vitamin A 14 (RAE mcg), Vitamin B1 0.73 (mg), Vitamin B2 0.26 (mg), Vitamin B3 2.5 (mg), Vitamin C 2 (mg)
Minerals	N/A	Ca 97 (mg), Water 10.6 (g), K 863 (mg), Na 44 (mg), Fe 5.6 (mg), Zn 2.7 (mg), P 349 (mg), Cu 1.4 (mg), Na 44 (mg), Carotene 165 (mcg)
Fibers	26.1	N/A

Leave. [1] iNaturalist [Online]. Uploaded on 7 November 2022 by: Chuangzao. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/141327928. [Accessed: 30 September]
Flower. [2] iNaturalist [Online]. Uploaded on 9 July 2023 by: smalltown huang. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/171914323. [Accessed: 30 September]
Fruit. [3] iNaturalist [Online]. Uploaded on 8 March 2023 by: Radha Veach. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/150528112. [Accessed: 30 September]
Seed. [4] "Mung beans (Vigna radiata)," *Wikipedia*, [Online]. Available:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mung_bean#/media/File:Mung_beans_(Vigna_radiata).jpg. [Accessed: Sep. 30, 2024].

[5] Prabhavat, S., Titathan, Y., Hengswadi, D., Auttaviboonkul, P. 1998. Study on the Production of Cookies from Black Gram Compare with Cookies from Mungbean and Pigeon Pea. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 32: 319 – 328.
[6] "Ipheion uniflorum (Graham) Raf.," *Plants of the World Online*, Kew Science, [Online]. Available: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:525492-1#source-KBD. [Accessed: Sep. 30, 2024].
[7] ກະຊວງກະສິກຳ ແລະ ປ່າໄມ້. (2000) ເອກະສານປະກອບການຮຽນການສອນ ວິຊາ ການປູກພືດເສກຖະກິດ. ຫຼັກສູດສຳລັບໂຮງຮຽນກະສິກຳ ແລະ ປ່າໄມ້ຊັ້ນກາງ.
[8] "ถั่วเขียว," *MedThai*, [Online]. Available: https://medthai.com/%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7/. [Accessed: Sep. 30, 2024].
[9] Hou, D., Yousaf, L., Xue, Y., Hu, J., Wu, J., Hu, X., Feng, N., Shen, Q. 2019. Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.): Bioactive Polyphenols, Polysaccharides, Peptides, and Health Benefits. Nutrients (11): 1238.
[10] อนุสรณ์ โนล่า, "รายงานโปรเจคอนุสรณ์," *KMITL*, [ออนไลน์]. เข้าถึงได้: https://bitly.cx/3byn. [เข้าถึงเมื่อ: 30 ก.ย. 2024].
[11] Tiwari, U., Servan, A., Nigam, D. 2017. Comparative study on antioxidant activity, phytochemical analysis and mineral composition of the Mung Bean (Vigna Radiata) and its sprouts. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(1): 336-340.
[12] A. Author1, B. Author2, and C. Author3, "Title of the article," * MedlinePlus Health Information*, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 123-130, Feb. 2015. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25423740/.
[13] ສີວຽງແຂກ ພົມມະລາດ ແລະ ເນລະມິດ ບຸນບັນດິດ. (2014) ຄູ່ມືແນະນຳ ເຕັກນິກການຜະລິດຖົ່ວຂຽວ. ສະຖາບັນຄົ້ນຄ້ວາກະຊິກຳ, ປ່າໄມ້ ແລະ ພັດທະນາຊົນນະບົດ, ສູນຄົ້ນຄວ້າສາລີ ແລະ ພືດເສດຖະກິດ.
[14] ອາມອນທິບ ພິລົມບູນ ແລະ ອຳໄພພົງ ເກາະທຽນ. 2018. ການປູກ ຖົ່ວຂຽວໃນລະດູແລງ. ກະຊວງກະການກະເສດ ແລະ ສະຫະກອນ, ປະເທດໄທ. Website: https://pubhtml5.com/qton/fbqk/
[15] ສຸມນາ ງາມພ່ອງໃສ ແລະ ຄະນະ. 2019. ຄູ່ມືການຜະລິດແກ່ນພັນ ຖົ່ວຂຽວ. ສູນວິໄຈພືດໄຮ່ໄຊຍະນານ, ສະຖາບັນວິໄຈພືດໄຮ່ ແລະ ພືດທົດແທນພະລັງງານ, ກົມການກະເສດ, ກະຊວງກະເສດ ແລະ ສະຫະກອນ.
[16] J. Doe, "Mung Beans Help Diversify Cover Crop Mixes, Stretch Feed Supplies," *Cover Crop Strategies*, Jan. 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.covercropstrategies.com/blogs/1-covering-cover-crops/post/1094-mung-beans-help-diversify-cover-crop-mixes-stretch-feed-supplies. [Accessed: Sep. 30, 2024].