ມັນດ້າງ, ມັນກໍ ( Bitter Cassava, Manioc, Manioc Tapioca, Tapioca, Sweet Cassava, Cassava Manihot.)

Janipha aipi (Pohl) J.Presl
Janipha manihot (L.) Kunth
Jatropha aipi (Pohl) A.Moller
Jatropha aipi (Pohl) Göpp.
Jatropha diffusa (Pohl) Steud.
Jatropha digitiformis (Pohl) Steud.
Jatropha dulcis J.F.Gmel.
Jatropha flabellifolia (Pohl) Steud.
Jatropha glauca A.Rich.
Jatropha janipha Lour.
Jatropha lobata var. richardiana Müll.Arg.
Jatropha loureirii (Pohl) Steud., 1840
Jatropha loureiroi (Pohl) Steud.
Jatropha manihot L.
Jatropha mitis Rottb.
Jatropha mitis Sessé & Moc.
Jatropha paniculata Ruiz & Pav.
Jatropha paniculata Ruiz & Pav. ex Pax
Jatropha silvestris Vell.
Jatropha stipulata Vell.
Mandioca aipi (Pohl) Link
Mandioca dulcis (J.F.Gmel.) D.Parodi
Mandioca utilissima (Pohl) Link

Euphorbiaceae

ເຍົາແດງ / Coral bush
ຕົ້ນໝາກເຍົາເລືອດ / Bellyache Bush
ຕົ້ນໝາກເຍົາ / Bubble Bush

Shrubs usually grow to a height of 1 to 4 meters. They have thick, sturdy roots and upright stems that are smooth and round when they are young. The stems have noticeable swellings at the points where leaves and small leaf like structures (stipules) attach, especially as they get older. The leaves are arranged in a way where several leaflets come from a single point, with each petiole (the leaf stalk) being 3 to 20 cm long. The leaf blade usually has 3 to 10 lobes (or sometimes none at all), and the central lobe is 5 to 18 cm long with edges that are neither thickened nor rolled. The tip of the leaf is pointed, and the surface can be either smooth or covered with fine hairs [6].
The flowers grow in clusters from the sides of the branches and form loose, branched groupings that are 2 to 10 cm long. The flower stalks are strong and 2 to 4 mm long. Each flower has a pistil (female part) that is 20 mm long and 10 stamens (male parts). The seed pods are 1.5 cm long, and the seeds are small, round or slightly angled, and about 12 mm long [6].

Bolivia, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
Global distribution between 2003 to 2024. [7]

North Laos Highlands
Northern Mekong Corridor
Annamite Highlands and Xieng Khuang Plateau
Vientiane Plain
Northern Annamites
Central Annamites
Lower Annamites
Southern Annamites
Southern Mekong Corridor

Upland fields with crops
Young bush fallow
Old bush fallow
Rice paddy
Other farmland
Riparian vegetation
Home gardens

Introduced

Not invasive

Not applicable

None

Food
Medicine
Farming activities

Food: Roots are typically cooked, steamed, fried, or roasted, often after drying or fermenting. Peeling, boiling, grinding, and drying are recommended to reduce cyanogenic glucosides.Cassava is a key calorie source due to its high starch content, especially for poor families. In Africa, cassava leaves are eaten as a vegetable, rich in protein and vitamins A and B. In Southeast Asia and Latin America, cassava is used in industries as a low cost starch binding agent. Cassava flour is used for making cookies, breads, pancakes, doughnuts, dumplings, muffins, and bagels. [10] Medicine: Studies have shown that cassava, due to its phytochemicals, can help treat various ailments, including diabetes, celiac disease, bone and neurological issues, cardiovascular problems, prostate conditions, allergies, gastrointestinal disorders, and blood pressure [11]. Farming: Cassava leaves, stem meal, and both fresh or dried roots (chopped, sliced, or ground) are used to feed dairy cattle and ruminants grazing animals) [10]. Note: All parts of the plant contain poisonous hydrocyanic glucosides (HCN), which can be removed by peeling the roots and boiling them in water [10].

Both

September
October

Overview:
Temperature: Cassava grows best in areas with a mean temperature of 25-29°C, and a soil temperature of about 30°C; below 10°C the plant stops growing [12].

Rainfall: While the crop grows best in areas with an annual well-distributed rainfall of 1000-1500 mm, it can tolerate semi-arid conditions with rainfall as low as 500 mm, and may have a competitive advantage over other crops under those conditions [12].

Planting soil conditions: Cassava can grow on a wide range of soils, but is best adapted to well drained, light textured, deep soils of intermediate fertility. Under high fertility conditions top growth may be stimulated at the expense of root growth. Optimum soil pH is between 4.5 and 6.5. The crop does not grow well in poorly drained soils, gravelly or saline soils, or in soils with a compacted layer[12].

Variety selection:
Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta, Manihot esculenta subsp. peruviana (Mull.Arg.) Allem

Land preparation:
Soil preparation: Prepare the soil by tilling it to a depth of 20-30 cm, allowing plant debris to decompose and become fluffy. Then, let it dry in the sun for approximately 7 days. Afterwards, plow the soil once more before planting to prevent freezing [13]
Varieties preparation: Cassava cuttings should be selected when they are 8 to 18 months old, with the most suitable period being 10 to 12 months. High-quality logs are large and sturdy, featuring nodules or joints that are neither too close nor too far apart [13]. To collect cassava branches, bundle approximately 20 branches together and arrange them into groups of 5 to 6 bundles. Make sure the bundles are not tightly packed to ensure good air circulation. Alternatively, you can plant the branches directly in the field. When ready to plant, simply cut the branches and transplant them immediately [13].
Before planting, cut the branches into long pieces measuring approximately 20 to 25 cm, ensuring that each piece has 5 to 7 nodes. Make sure to cut the branches straight or smooth and use the base of the tree to find the center of the trunk [13].

Planting techniques:
Propagation by Seed: Cassava is primarily propagated from cuttings; seed germination is usually below 50%. Seeds are used only for breeding purposes to select for smaller root characteristics.

Propagation by Cuttings: Cut stems into 9-30 cm lengths, ensuring each segment has at least one node. Bury segments vertically with 8-15 cm in the ground. Use healthy, pest-free cuttings (often called 'stakes'). In areas with frost risk, plant cuttings after the danger has passed. Plant by hand or with machines, using one of three

methods: Vertical: Best for rainy areas.
Flat: 5-10 cm below the surface in dry climates; reduces desiccation and improves germination.
Tilted: Suitable for semi-rainy areas. Ensure the cutting is oriented upright to promote successful growth. Recommended spacing: 1 m by 1 m.

N/A

Important source of carbohydrates

The roots constitute one of the world’s most important stock crops for starch [6].

Nutrient	/100g	Remark
Proteins	N/A	N/A
Carbohydrates	N/A	N/A
Fats	N/A	N/A
Vitamins	N/A	N/A
Minerals	N/A	N/A
Fibers	N/A	N/A

Cassava Plant. [1] iNaturalist [Online]. Uploaded on 19 October 2023 by: zmp. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/329199865. [Accessed: 19 September 2024]
Leaves of the Cassava plant. [2] iNaturalist [Online]. Uploaded on 22 January 2024 by: kai_salamanes. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/347944991. [Accessed: 19 September 2024]
Small Cassava Plantation. [3] iNaturalist [Online]. Uploaded on 14 January 2020 by: ryanyuewahchan. Available: www.inaturalist.org/photos/59834915. [Accessed: 19 September 2024]
Root of Cassava that is consumed as a vegetable. [4] iNaturalist [Online]. Uploaded on 21 July 2024 by: adrianahana. Available: www.inaturalist.org/photos/409687588. [Accessed: 19 September 2024]
Flower of the Cassava plant. [5] iNaturalist [Online]. Uploaded on 26 December 2022 by: sherehora. Available: www.inaturalist.org/photos/328288745. [Accessed: 19 September 2024]

[6] WFO, “The world flora online,” [Online]. Available: https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000235507. [Accessed: 04 July 2024].
[7] Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), “Manihot esculenta Crantz” [Online]. Available: https://www.gbif.org/species/3060998. [Accessed: 19 September 2024]
[8] IUCN Red List, “Manihot tristis,” [Online]. Available: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/20755805/20756061. [Accessed: 19 September 2024]
[9] ລັດທະມົນຕີກະຊວງກະຊິກຳແລະປ່າໄມ້, “ຂໍ້ຕົກລົງວ່າດ້ວຍ ການກຳນົດບັນຊີໄມ້ I, II ແລະ III,” ນະຄອນຫຼວງວຽງຈັນ: ກົມປ່າໄມ້, ກະຊວງກະຊິ ແລະ ກຳປ່າໄມ້, 2021.
[10] USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center, "Plant guide - CASSAVA," 2003.
[11] T. Z. Tsige, B. Basa, and T. Herago, "Medicinal, nutritional and anti-nutritional properties of cassava (Manihot esculenta): A review," American Journal of Nutrition, vol. 9, pp. 34-46, 2019.
[12] Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), “Cassava production and environmental factors.” [Online]. Available: https://www.fao.org/4/y2413e/y2413e07.htm. [Accessed: 20 September 2024].
[13] "ຄູມືການຜະລິດມັນຕົ້ນ" *ສູນຄົ້ນຄ້ວາກະຊິກຳເຂດຮ້ອນສາກົນ (CIAT), ສະາບັນຄົ້ນຄ້ວາກະຊິກຳ ແລະ ປ່າໄມ້ແຫ່ງຊາດ*, [Online]. Available: https://research.aciar.gov.au/cassavavaluechains/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Cassava-Production-Manual.pdfໃ [Accessed: Sep. 10, 2024].
[14] World Flora Online, "Manihot esculenta Crantz," 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000235507. [Accessed: Oct. 18, 2024].