ຜັກກູດນ້ຳ ( vegetable fern)

Anisogonium esculentum (Retz.) C.Presl
Anisogonium serampurens C.Presl
Anisogonium serampurense (Spreng.) C.Presl
Anisogonium serrulatum (C.Presl) C.Presl
Asplenium ambiguum Sw.
Asplenium bipinnatum Roxb.
Asplenium esculentum (Retz.) C.Presl
Asplenium esculentum (Retz.) Wall.
Asplenium malabaricum (Spreng.) Mett.
Asplenium manilense Spreng.
Asplenium moritzii Mett.
Asplenium proliferum Wall.
Asplenium puberulum Wall.
Asplenium pubescens Mett.
Asplenium serrulatum C.Presl
Asplenium umbrosum (Moritzi) Mett.
Asplenium vitiense Baker
Athyrium ambigua (Sw.) Milde
Athyrium ambiguum (Sw.) Milde
Athyrium esculentum (Retz.) Copel.
Athyrium serrulatum (C.Presl) Milde
Callipteris ambigua (Sw.) T.Moore
Callipteris esculenta (Retz.) J.Sm.
Callipteris esculenta (Retz.) J.Sm. ex Houlston & T.Moore
Callipteris malabarica (Spreng.) J.Sm.
Callipteris serampurens (Spreng.) Fée
Callipteris serampurensis (Spreng.) Fée
Callipteris serrulata (C.Presl) Fée
Callipteris wallichii J.Sm.
Digrammaria ambigua (Sw.) Hook.
Digrammaria esculenta (Retz.) Fée
Digrammaria esculenta J.Sm.
Diplazium ambiguum (Sw.) Hook.
Diplazium malabaricum Spreng.
Diplazium manilense (Spreng. ex Kunze) C.Chr.
Diplazium serampurens Spreng.
Diplazium serampurense Spreng.
Diplazium umbrosum Moritz
Diplazium vitiense (Baker) Carruth.
Gymnogramma edulis Ces.
Hemionitis esculenta Retz.
Hemionitis incisa Blanco
Microstegia ambigua (Sw.) C.Presl
Microstegia esculenta (Retz.) C.Presl
Microstegia serrulata (C.Presl) C.Presl

Athyriaceae

This plant is a large fern, growing up to 1.5 meters tall. In ideal con-ditions, it can form dense vegetation. Its upright rhizome, covered with brown scales, can be up to 15 cm tall and 4-6 cm wide. This rhizome helps the plant regrow even if the leaves are removed.
The leaves grow in a rosette and can reach 120 cm in length. The leaf blades are bipinnate with a triangular shape, 60-80 cm long and 30-60 cm wide, ending in a pointed tip. Each leaf blade has 12-16 pairs of smaller leaf sections (pinnae) arranged alternately. The veins in the pinnae lobes usually number 6-10 pairs.
The leaves and main leaf stalk (rachis) can be smooth or hairy. The sori, which are spore-producing structures, are mostly linear, slight-ly curved, and cover the veins. They have yellow to light brown protective coverings.
Sources: [4]

Native to: Andaman Is, Assam, Bangladesh, Bismarck Archipelago, Borneo, Cambodia, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Fiji, Hainan, India, Japan, Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Maluku, Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Is., Pakistan, Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Is., Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vanuatu, Vietnam, West Himalaya.
Source: [5]

Northern Mekong Corridor
Lower Annamites

Riparian vegetation
Rivers and streams

Native

Not invasive

Least concern

None

Food
Medicine

Food: This plant can be eaten. Young fronds are often stir-fried, added to salads, or used in soups and stews. They can be blanched or pickled and are a staple in various regional. [9] Medicine: Traditionally, this plant is being used in the treatment of various ailments such as diabetes, smallpox, asthma, diarrhea, rheumatism, dysentery, headache, fever, wounds, pain, measles, high blood pressure, constipation, oligospermia, bone fracture, glandular swellings, and skin-related diseases by the different communities in India and other countries. [10]. in addition, Report-ed pharmacological and biological properties of this plant include laxative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anthelmintic, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities. [11]. Besides that it can also be maintained Analgesic, Anthelmintic, Antibacterial, Antidiarrheal, Anti-inflammatory, Antitussive, Dysentery, Febrifuge, Laxative, and Skin Tonic. [12]

Both

May
June
July
August
September
October

Sustainability: thrives in humid, shaded areas of tropical forests, indicating a preference for environments with high humidity and moderate temperatures. [13]

In Laos, especially in regions like Luang Prabang, Diplazium
esculentum is sold alongside a diverse range of wild edible plants. The markets in Luang Prabang are recognized for their rich biodiversity, featuring over 110 species of wild edible plants, including D. esculentum. These markets serve as critical access points for local com-munities to sell and purchase traditional foods, contributing to both local diets and economies. [17]

Care and maintenance:
Watering and irrigation: Diplazium esculentum requires regular watering to maintain soil moisture. Mulching can help retain moisture and suppress weeds. [13]
Fertilization: Apply organic fertilizers or compost periodically during the growing season to promote healthy growth. [13]

Important source of fibres

N/A

Nutrient	/100g	Remark
Proteins	8.73	N/A
Carbohydrates	59.62	N/A
Fats	2.16	N/A
Vitamins	N/A	Vitamins C 21.38g
Minerals	N/A	N/A
Fibers	15.59	N/A

[1] iNaturalist [Online]. Uploaded on 19 August 2024 by kamleshatwal. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/236673053. [Accessed: 10 September 2024].
[2] GBIF [Online]. Uploaded on 1 March 2024 by Steve Ansell. Available: https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/4606904629. [Accessed: 10 September 2024].
[3] iNaturalist [Online]. Uploaded on 24 August 2024 by lesfreck. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/237518712. [Accessed: 10 September 2024].

[5] Plants of the world Online [Online]. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17086810-1. [Accessed: 10 September 2024]
[6] India Biodiversity Portal [Online]. Available: https:/indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/242436#diagnostic. [Accessed: 10 September 2024]
[7] CABI Digital Library [Online]. Available: https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.93234022. [Accessed: 10 September 2024]
[8] IUCN. (2024, September 10). IUCN red list. Retrieved from IUCN red list web site: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/194150/8883499
[9] iNaturalist [Online]. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/161950-Diplazium-esculentum. [Accessed: 11 September 2024]
[10] P. Semwal, S. Painuli, K.M. Painuli, G. Antika, T. B. Tumer, A. Thapliyal, et al., "Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.: Ethnomedici-nal, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Overview of the Himalayan Ferns" Hindawi Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. 2021, pp. 1-15, September 2021.
[11] G. Kumar Dash, S. Jusof Khadidi & A.F. Shamsuddin, " Pharmacognostic Studies On Diplazium Esculentum (Retz.) Sw." Scholars Research Library, vol.9, pp. 113-120, 2021.
[12] Plants For A Future [Online]. Available: https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diplazium+esculentum. [Accessed: 12 September 2024]
[13] World’s Largest Farmers Network Agrownet Transforming Agriculture [Online]. Available: https://www.agrownet.com/contents/en-us/p196_Diplazium-esculentum_Cultivation_agrownet_Diplazium-esculentum_crop_management.html. [Accessed: 12 September 2024]
[14] P. Trail, Y. Danmalidoi, A. Bicksler. & R. Burnette (2021, March). Production of Vegetable Fern (Diplazium esculentum Reytz.) Under Varying Levels of Shade [Online]. Available: https://www.echocommunity.org/en/resources/390f2f8b-9835-444e-bfed-6f96abe3b9ec.
[15] A.G. Nair, S. Pradeesh, G.S. Nikhila, G. Sangeetha, I.I. Mini. & Swapna, T.S, "CONSERVATION OF VEGETABLE FERN (DIPLAZIUM ESCULENTUM ) OF WESTERN GHATS THROUGH IN VITRO SPORE CULTURE" Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, vol. 2, pp. 43-50, December 2013.
[16] S. Roy1. & T.K. Chaudhuri. (2020, October). “A comprehensive review on the pharmacological properties of Diplazium esculentum, an edible fern”. Journal of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research [Online]. vol. 3, issue 1. Available: https://auctoresonline.org/uploads/articles/1626517435A_comprehensive_review_on_the_pharmacological_properties_of_Diplazium_esculentum.pdf.
[17] Ł. Łuczaj, V. Lamxay, K. Tongchan, K. Xayphakatsa, K. Phimmakong, S. Radavanh, V. Kanyasone, M. Pietras & M. Karbarz. (2021, January). “Wild food plants and fungi sold in the markets of Luang Prabang, Lao PDR”. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine [Online]. vol.6. Available: https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-020-00423-y