ເປຼະຍອງ (ກຶມມຸ) ( Indian ivy-rue)

Fagara budrunga Roxb.
Fagara parviflora (Benth.) Engl.
Fagara rhetsa Roxb.
Lacuris illicioides Buch.-Ham.
Tipalia limonella Dennst.
Zanthoxylum budrunga (Roxb.) DC.
Zanthoxylum crenatum Wall.
Zanthoxylum limonella (Dennst.) Alston
Zanthoxylum minahassae Koord.
Zanthoxylum oblongum Wall.
Zanthoxylum parviflorum Benth.
Zanthoxylum rhetsum (Roxb.) St.-Lag.

Rutaceae

ໝາກມາດ / Winged Prickly Ash
ໝາກມາດແດງ / Indonesian lemon pepper
ຫວ້ານດູກໄກ່ / Van Douk Kai
ຊາຫຼີວ / Sa Liew

Zanthoxylum rhetsa is a versatile plant that can grow as either a shrub or a tree, reaching heights of up to 26 metres [5]. It may shed its leaves seasonally, and its older branches are characterised by thick, sharp spines. The plant's leaves are compound, consisting of several oval-shaped leaflets arranged along a central stem, each typically measuring 4 to 13 centimetres in length and 1.5 to 5 centimetres in width. Zanthoxylum rhetsa produces clusters of small white or yellowish flowers, which are followed by round, red or brown fruits [6].

Native to Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, India, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Viet Nam, Papua New Guinea
Global distribution between 2003 to 2024. Source: [7]

North Laos Highlands
Northern Mekong Corridor
Annamite Highlands and Xieng Khuang Plateau
Northern Annamites
Southern Mekong Corridor

Evergreen forest
Mixed deciduous forest
Dry dipterocarp forest

Native

Not invasive

Least concern

List III: General species

Food
Drink
Medicine
Tools and utensils

Food: Its fruit is commonly used in various dishes, often mashed and mixed with meat or fish, then roasted and incorporated into spicy sauces, among other preparations. The young leaves are also used as a condiment or vegetable [10]. Drinks: The leaves are among the ingredients used in the production of rice wine [10]. Medicine: In traditional medicine, Zanthoxylum rhetsa is renowned for its effectiveness in treating goitres and is currently utilised as an oral anaesthetic [10]. In traditional medicine, various parts of Zanthoxylum rhetsa are used to treat dental caries, dizziness, flatulence, malaria, urinary tract infections, arthritis, as a diuretic, as well as for stomach aches and diarrhoea. This compound also possesses antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties, along with cytotoxic, antithrombotic, and photoprotective effects [11]. Tools and utensils: The yellowish wood has been used for an extended period to craft tool handles, sword sheaths, and statues [10]. Legislation and policy (relevant laws and policies) ກົມປ່າໄມ້, ກະຊວງກະຊິກຳ ແລະ ປ່າໄມ້ ສົມທົບກັບກົມໂຄສະນາເຜີຍແຜ່ກົດໝາ ກະຊວງຍຸດຕິທຳ. (2019). ກົດໝາຍວ່າດ້ວຍປ່າໄມ້ ສະບັບປັບປຸ່ງ.

Both

March
April
May
June
September
October
November

Habitat preservation (habitat needs, threats, mitigation, and restoration)
The geographic range of the species is large and there are no major threats; although there are some local threats to the species in places [8].

Sustainable harvesting:
There is no explicit population information but the population is assumed to be large, as it is widespread across continents [8].

These diverse uses make Zanthoxylum rhetsa highly valued in the domestic market and increasingly sought after by neighbouring countries, particularly China, which imports it in growing quantities. The harvest of this fruit has greatly stimulated the economy of many villages in northern Laos [10].

N/A

Nutrient	/100g	Remark
Proteins	N/A	N/A
Carbohydrates	N/A	N/A
Fats	N/A	N/A
Vitamins	N/A	N/A
Minerals	N/A	N/A
Fibers	N/A	N/A

Cape yellowwood tree. [1] iNaturalist [Online]. Uploaded on 25 August 2019 by: aparajita_datta. Available: www.inaturalist.org/photos/53032245. [Accessed: 06 October 2024]
Stems of the Cape yellowwood tree. [2] iNaturalist [Online]. Uploaded on 27 May 2023 by: karlepranav. Available: www.inaturalist.org/photos/284395783. [Accessed: 31 May 2023]
Flower. [3] iNaturalist [Online]. Uploaded by S. Samant. Available:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/164789929. [Accessed: 31 May 2024]
Leaves and fruits of the Cape yellow wood. [4] iNaturalist [Online]. Uploaded on 16 November 2021 by: sunnyjosef. Available: www.inaturalist.org/observations/101252035. [Ac-cessed: 31 May 2023]

[5] iNaturalist, “Zanthoxylum rhetsa,” [Online]. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/154212-Zanthoxylum-rhetsa. [Accessed: 19 July 2023]
[6] N. Yaipharembi, E. Huidrom, & H. B. Singh. “Traditional importance, phytochemicals and pharmacological properties of Indian Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC.): A review” East Himalayan Society for Spermatophyte Taxonomy [Online]. 31 August 2022. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362929656_Traditional_importance_phytochemicals_and_pharmacological_properties_of_Indian_Prickly_Ash_Zanthoxylum_rhetsa_Roxb_DC_A_review.
[7] Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), “Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC.” [Online]. Available: https://www.gbif.org/species/3834800. [Accessed: 07 October 2024]
[8] M. Barstow, "Zanthoxylum rhetsa," The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2019, e.T61958968A61959175. [Online]. Available: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T61958968A61959175.en. [Accessed: 07 October 2024]
[9] ກະຊວງສາທາລະນະສຸກ, "ຂໍ້ຕົກລົງວ່າດ້ວຍການກຳນົດບັນຊີພືດ ແລະ ຕົ້ນໄມ້ເປັນຢາ ບັນຊີ I II ແລະ III," ສະບັບເລກທີ 570/ນຍມ, ເລວັນທີ 16 ກັນຍາ 2021 [10] ] Pha Tad ke Botanical Garden, “Zanthoxylum rhetsa” [Online]. Available: https://www.pha-tad-ke.com/plant/zanthoxylum-rhetsa/. [Accessed : 14 October 2024]
[11] T. O. Maduka & C. B. C. Ikpa., “Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC.: A Systemic Review of its Ethnomedicinal Properties, Phytochemis-try and Pharmacology”. World News of Natural Sciences [Online]. Vol. 3, pp. 41-57. April 2021. Available: file:///C:/Users/xp/Downloads/WNOFNS37202141-57.pdf.