ລີງແດງ, ອີ່ວອກ ( Rhesus Monkey)

Cercopithecus mulatta Zimmermann, 1780
Inuus sanctijohannis Swinhoe, 1866
Macaca brachyurus (Elliot, 1909)
Macaca brevicaudatus (Elliot, 1913)
Macaca erythraea (Shaw, 1800)
Macaca fulvus (Kerr, 1792)
Macaca lasiotus (Gray, 1868)
Macaca littoralis (Elliot, 1909)
Macaca mcmahoni Pocock, 1932
Macaca mulatta subsp. mcmahoni Pocock, 1932
Macaca nipalensis Hodgson, 1840
Macaca oinops Hodgson, 1840
Macaca rhesus (Audebert, 1798)
Macaca sancti-johannis (Swinhoe, 1866)
Macaca siamica Kloss, 1917
Macaca tcheliensis (Milne-Edwards, 1872)
Macaca vestita (Milne-Edwards, 1892)
Macaca villosa (True, 1894)
Macaco mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780)
Macacus lasiotus Gray, 1868
Macacus oinops Hodgson, 1840
Macacus rhesus (Audebert, 1798)
Macacus rhesus subsp. villosus True, 1894
Macacus tcheliensis A.Milne-Edwards, 1872
Macacus vestitus A.Milne-Edwards, 1892
Pithecus littoralis Elliot, 1909
Simia erythraea Shaw, 1800
Simia fulvus (Kerr, 1792)
Simia rhesus Audebert, 1798

Cercopithecidae

ລີງກັງ / Pig-tailed Macaque
ລີງເສນ / Stump-tailed Macaque
ລີງຫາງຍາວ / Long-tailed Macaque
ລີງຜົມແບ່ງ/ Assamese Macaque

The fur colour of Macaca mulatta varies widely, ranging from yellow brown to golden brown and even burnt orange on its back. Its head, neck, and sides match the colour of its upper back. The lower back can be golden brown, burnt orange, or a deep, dark orange. There's a black band along the sides of its head. The hair on its sides often forms a crest or small circle. Its facial hair is thin and ranges from pale brown to red, except around its eyes, which are hairless. The base of its tail matches the colour of its lower back. Its belly and the underside of its legs are covered in thinner, paler hair, sometimes even white. Baby animals have light brown to dark brown fur. Their faces, hands, and feet are bare and a dull violet colour, which later turns light pink. Adult males are 41 to 66 cm long, weigh between 4 and 14.1 kg, and have a 12.5 to 31 cm tail. Adult females are 37 to 58 cm long, weigh between 3 and 10 kg, and have a 12.5 to 28 cm tail.
Behaviour: During the day, this animal spends most of its time on the ground (72%), rather than in trees (28%). It searches for food most actively after it wakes up and again in the late afternoon before it goes to sleep. Its diet is mostly plant-based, including fruits, seeds, flowers, leaves, shoots, stems, trunks, roots, and bark. It also eats insects and small animals.
Reproduction: Female animals reach adulthood and can reproduce when they are between 3.5 and 5.5 years old. As for the males, the testicles move into the correct position in the scrotum around 5.5 years old and stay there. Pregnancy lasts between 133 and 200 days, with an average of 166 days. Females usually give birth to one baby at a time.
Sources: [4], [5], [6]

Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, Viet Nam, Hong Kong, United States [7].

Annamite Highlands and Xieng Khuang Plateau
Northern Annamites
Southern Mekong Corridor

Plantation forest
Bamboo forest
Mixed deciduous forest
Mixed coniferous and broadleaved forest

Native

Not invasive

Least concern

List I: Prohibited species

Use prohibited

This species is endangered. Its hunt is prohibited by law [9]. The PKL team firmly condemns any collection, hunting, trade, or use of this species. PKL aims to protect biodiversity. For that reason, we cannot promote the use of endangered species.

Wild

Habitat preservation: In Lao PDR and Viet Nam, the major threat to the species is hunting, although loss of forest in river valleys has also likely impacted the species. In Indochina hunting pressure is high, and thus tolerance to human disturbance is low. Introduction, through release of confiscated M. fasicularis, is at least a localized threat in parts of the species' Viet Names range. Tolerance of the species varies locally, from heavily hunted and persecuted, to worshipped and fed.

Population monitoring: This species is widely distributed in south, southeast and east Asia. Populations are sizable, but increasingly commensal with humans, resulting in some fragmentation of the distribution. It can be abundant in many places, including in cities. Hunting of this species in Lao PDR and Viet Nam has severely depressed populations in these countries although it remains widespread.

N/A

N/A

Nutrient	/100g	Remark
Proteins	N/A	N/A
Carbohydrates	N/A	N/A
Fats	N/A	N/A
Vitamins	N/A	N/A
Minerals	N/A	N/A
Fibers	N/A	N/A

[1] iNaturalist [Online]. Uploaded on 31 March 2024 by: moliverna. Available: www.inaturalist.org/photos/362171473. [Accessed: 29 August 2024]
[2] iNaturalist [Online]. Uploaded on 09 January 2023 by: johndreynolds. Available: www.inaturalist.org/observations/146175988. [Accessed: 27 August 2024]
[3] iNaturalist [Online]. Uploaded on 22 April 2018 by Bangtran. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/11319297. [Accessed: 27 August 2024]

[4] GBIF [Online]. Available: https://www.gbif.org/species/2436604. [Accessed: 28 August2024]
[5] D. Prathumtong & A. P. Khlaipet, “Mammals of Natural world heritage Thung Yai Naresuan – Huai Kha Khaeng,” Pahum Thani: National Science Museum Thailand. 2022
[6] A. P. Wilson & R. CH. Boelkins, “Evidence for seasonal variation in aggressive behaviour by Macaca mulatta,” Animals Behaviour, vol. 18, pp. 719-724, 1970. [Online] Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0003347270900175. [Accessed: 28 August.08.2024]
[7] IUCN. (2024, November 20). IUCN red list. Retrieved from IUCN red list web site: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/12554/256057746 [Accessed: 28 August.08.2024]
[8] A. Jonhson, “WILDLIFE IN LAO PDR 2024 STATUS REPORT,” Vientiane capital: Wildlife conservation society, 2024
[9] ສະພາແຫ່ງຊາດ. (2023) ກົດໝາຍວ່າດ້ວຍປ່າໄມ້ (ສະບັບປັບປຸງ)