( Bean, Common Haricot, Common-Bean, Dwarf Bean, Frash Bean, French Bean, French-Bean, Garden Bean, Green Bean)

Phaseolus aborigineus Burkart
Phaseolus aborigineus var. hondurensis Burkart
Phaseolus albus Hoffmanns.
Phaseolus angulosus Schübl. & G.Martens
Phaseolus asparagioides Schur
Phaseolus capensis Schur
Phaseolus carinatus G.Martens
Phaseolus carinatus var. carneus G.Martens
Phaseolus carinatus var. lividus G.Martens
Phaseolus ceratonoides Schrank
Phaseolus ceratonoides Schrank ex G.Martens
Phaseolus communis Pritz.
Phaseolus compessus DC.
Phaseolus compressus DC.

Fabaceae

ໝາກຖົ່ວວອຍ / Lima Bean
ຖົ່ວອ້ອມ / Siratro

The stem of the common bean is typically hairy, featuring short, hooked hairs known as uncinate hairs at the tips. In warm conditions that support semi-perennial growth, the stems of wild common beans can reach up to 1.5 cm in diameter. The leaves are trifoliolate, meaning they are divided into three leaflets, measuring 8 to 15 cm in length and 5 to 10 cm in width, with small stipules, and they alternate along the stem. While the shape of the leaflets varies among different cultivars, they generally have broad bases and pointed tips.
The flowers can be white, pink, or violet, depending on the cultivar, and are found in axillary or terminal racemes clusters of flowers attached by short, equal stalks spaced evenly along a central stem. These bisexual flowers have a ridge (prominent raised area) on one side that ends in a coil with one or two turns.
The seed pods measure 8 to 20 cm in length and 1 to 2 cm in thickness, containing up to 12 seeds each, although most varieties typically have 4 to 6 seeds. The seeds come in a wide range of colours based on the cultivar and vary significantly in size, weighing between 150 and 900 grams per 1,000 seeds [5].

Native to Antarctic, Brazil, America, Mexico, Africa

Northern Mekong Corridor
Vientiane Plain

Upland fields with crops
Young bush fallow
Rice paddy
Other farmland
Home gardens

Introduced

Not invasive

Least concern

None

Food
Medicine

Food : ● In many parts of Asia, young leaves are consumed as a salad [9]. ● The straw of the plant is normally used for fodder after beans are harvested [9]. ● Common beans play a vital role in vegetarian diets and provide numerous health benefits [9]. ● Common beans are praised for being ecologically sustainable protein sources, especially when compared to animal-based proteins. They also boast a nutrient-rich profile, particularly in their protein content, which ranges from 17 to 30 percent of their dry weight [10]. Medicine: Common beans are recognized for their potential health benefits and exhibit various properties, including analgesic, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, antibacterial, anti-carcinogenic, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, litholytic, as well as trypsin and α-amylase inhibition [9], [11].

Both

April
May

Environmental conditions suitable for growing:
Temperature: Common beans thrive at temperatures between 15°C and 27°C and can tolerate temperatures up to 29.5°C. However, when temperatures reach or exceed 35°C, their growth may be negatively affected. If temperatures drop below 20°C, mung beans will grow slowly, and if the temperature falls below 10°C, their growth will halt, leading to eventual death [12]. .

Rainfall: The ideal growing conditions include 350–500 mm of rainfall during the growing season, accompanied by low relative humidity to reduce the risk of bacterial and fungal diseases. Additionally, moisture stress during flowering and pod setting can lead to the abortion of many blossoms and developing pods [12].

Planting soil conditions : In general, common beans require deep, fertile soil, from loose to slightly compact, with good physical properties, a pH of 5.5–6.5, and flat or rolling topography with good drainage [12].

Varieties:
Phaseolus vulgaris var. compressus DC.
Phaseolus vulgaris var. ellipticus Martens
Phaseolus vulgaris var. maculatus Com.
Phaseolus vulgaris var. oblongus Savi
Phaseolus vulgaris var. pardinus Com.
Phaseolus vulgaris var. sphaericus Savi
Phaseolus vulgaris var. unicolor Com.
Phaseolus vulgaris var. variegatus Com.
Phaseolus vulgaris var. vulgaris

Soil preparation:
● Start by removing all weeds or stumps and planting. The soil should be ploughed before planting [12].
● Prepare the seedbed carefully then irrigate before planting so that the soil is uniformly moist [12].

Transplanting:
There are two ways to grow green beans:
● Sowing planting: Suitable for areas where the soil is prepared by ploughing. The plough preserve the beans and retains moisture For the bean seeds to germinate well [12].
● Planting using seeds: Use a sharp stick to thrust into the ground to make a hole. Then plant 3 to 4 seeds approximately 20 to -40 cm apart [12].

Care after planting
Watering:
Supplemental irrigation is recommended during drought periods. If using a sprinkler system, avoid over watering during flowering to reduce flower drop. For flood irrigation, use furrows and water once a week for two hours, increasing the frequency during flowering [12].
Putting in dust:
Apply fertiliser during sowing. Organic materials are generally recommended because they enhance the population of microorganisms and help reduce disease in the crop [12].
Weed control:
To help seedlings establish, it's important to keep the seedbed free of weeds. The most critical period for weed control is 15 to 30 days after the seedlings emerge. Hand weeding may be necessary, and you might need to weed up to three times before the crop canopy fully covers the ground. After flowering, minimise weeding, as it can lead to flower loss [12].

Disease and prevention

Insects and Pests [12]: Beet armyworm, Stem maggot, White grub, Aphids, Leaf drillers, Pod-sucking bugs, Stem borers, Thrips, Weevils

Greenhouse Pests: Whitefly (Tialeurodes vaporariorum), Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) and Two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae)

Diseases: Anthracnose: Caused by the seed-borne fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Angular Leaf Spot, Scab, Ascochyta Blight, Rust: Caused by the fungus Uromyces phaseoli, Bacterial

Blights: Caused by various bacteria, including Xanthomonas phaseoli, Pseudomonas phaseolicola, Xanthomonas fuscans, and Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens
● Bean Common Mosaic Virus: Caused by mosaic viruses that are spread by aphids
Pest and disease control:
● To avoid disease problems, plant beans after cereal crops like maize, wheat, or sorghum, rather than following soya beans or sunflowers.
● Check fields and greenhouses weekly for insect pests.
● To prevent disease in the greenhouse, avoid over-watering plants and ensure that the soil or growing medium is properly sterilised before planting. Additionally, increasing humidity—such as by using a misting system—can encourage beneficial insect predators while deterring pests like mites.

Harvesting: Harvesting green beans at different times. If you notice a pod that is about 60 to 80 percent black , you can harvest it.

Post-harvest management: After collecting the beans, put them in the sun for about 2 to -3 days, then put them in a bag. After that, use a bat to break the bean pods. But if there is a large amount, use a small grinder [12]. Before storing, the seeds should be dried as dry as possible. This is to prevent the beans from becoming mouldy or being destroyed by insects [12].

Threats: The main threat to this wild species is habitat fragmentation due to logging and agriculture and the main threat is land conversion for farming and it is also attacked by several pests (the same pests affecting the cultivated species) [7].

Sustainable: The number of subpopulations may be higher considering additional appropriate life zones and vegetation types. The overall wild population of P. vulgaris is abundant and stable [7].

N/A

N/A

Nutrient	/100g	Remark
Proteins	N/A	N/A
Carbohydrates	N/A	N/A
Fats	N/A	N/A
Vitamins	N/A	N/A
Minerals	N/A	N/A
Fibers	N/A	N/A

Common bean plant. [1] PlantNet [Online]. Uploaded on 14 July 2022 by: baguena baguena. Available:https://identify.plantnet.org/weurope/observations/1014633958. [Accessed: 24 September 2024]
Fruit of the common bean plant. [2] iNaturalist [Online]. Uploaded on 1 June 2022 by: reishisagnik. Available: www.inaturalist.org/photos/363612452. [Accessed: 24 September 2024]
Flower of the Common Bean plant. [3] iNaturalist [Online]. Uploaded on 29 January 2022 by: zihuadean. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/177585367. [Accessed: 24 September 2024]
Common Bean Plantation [4] iNaturalist [Online]. Uploaded on 1 July 2023 by: alixa2. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/297989828. [Accessed: 24 September 2024]

[5] O. E. C. D., “Safety Assessment of Transgenic Organisms in the Environment, Volume 6,” Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology, Paris, 2016.
[6] GBIF, “Phaseolus L.,” [Online]. Available: https://www.gbif.org/species/2947798. [Accessed: 24 September 2024].
[7] A. Delgado-Salinas, G. Alejandre-Iturbide, C. Azurdia, J. Cerén-López, and A. Contreras, "Phaseolus vulgaris (amended version of 2019 assessment)," The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2020
[8] ລັດທະມົນຕີກະຊວງກະຊິກຳແລະປ່າໄມ້, “ຂໍ້ຕົກລົງວ່າດ້ວຍ ການກຳນົດບັນຊີໄມ້ I, II ແລະ III,” ນະຄອນຫຼວງວຽງຈັນ: ກົມປ່າໄມ້, ກະຊວງກະຊິ ແລະ ກຳປ່າໄມ້, 2021.
[9] K. Ganesan and B. Xu, "Polyphenol-Rich Dry Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Their Health Benefits," International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 18, no. 11, 2017.
[10] E. B. Nchanji and O. C. Ageyo, "Do Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Promote Good Health in Humans? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical and Randomized Controlled Trials," Nutrients, vol. 13, no. 11, p. 3701, 2021. doi: 10.3390/nu13113701.
[11] B. Padmavathi et al., "A Phytopharmacological Review on Phaseolus vulgaris," Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 118-123, 2021. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.120386
[12] Subed, S., & et_al. (2022). Evaluation of French Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Genotypes for Spring Season Planting in Mid Hills of Nepal. Nepalese Horticulture, 36-44